不同灌水量与每穴直播粒数对滴灌水稻生长发育及产量的影响

【目的】探索滴灌水稻高产高效的适宜灌溉定额及播种量。【方法】本试验在新疆农业科学院国家灰漠土肥力与肥料效应监测基地进行,设置3个灌溉定额水平,分别为796 mm(W1)、938 mm(W2)、1 059 mm(W3),每穴直播粒数设为每穴8粒(D1)、14粒(D2)、20粒(D3)3个水平,观测比较不同生育期株高、叶面积指数、干物质积累量等生长指标,分析不同灌水量与每穴直播粒数对滴灌水稻生长发育、产量及水分利用效率的影响。【结果】灌水量与每穴直播粒数交互作用以组合W3D1株高、叶面积指数和干物质积累量最高,分别为83.46 cm、8.46和2 962.67 g/m2,交互作用达到极显著水平(p≤0.01);W3D1处理产量最高达到6 789.00 kg/hm~2,灌水量对产量的影响达到显著水平(p≤0.05);W3D1水分利用效率为最优组合达到0.65 kg/m3。每穴直播粒数为8粒时,与W1、W2处理相比,W3处理产量增幅为54.95%、30.24%;W3处理中,D1处理与D2、D3处理相比,产量增幅分别为19.11%、23.96%。【结论】在本试验条件下,W3D1组合灌溉水量及每穴直播粒数为最佳。     

中国农业企业对外直接投资项目风险评价

通过兼顾海外直接投资环境的整体性和动态性,构建了中国农业企业对外投资项目风险评价指标体系。选取了有代表性的项目,结合层次分析法和熵权系数法进行风险评价。结果表明,国际农业市场风险、东道国政治法律风险、国内制度障碍和企业自身技术限制等风险因素较为突出。为防范和降低投资风险,政府应加大政策支持力度,成立专门的农业海外投资服务机构,企业应建立有效的风险评价机制,促进农业技术的研发与推广。     

Induced plant defences in biological control of arthropod pests: a double‐edged sword

Biological control is an important ecosystem service delivered by natural enemies. Together with breeding for plant defence, it constitutes one of the most promising alternatives to pesticides for controlling herbivores in sustainable crop production. Especially induced plant defences may be promising targets in plant breeding for resistance against arthropod pests. Because they are activated upon herbivore damage, costs are only incurred when defence is needed. Moreover, they can be more specific than constitutive defences. Nevertheless, inducible defence traits that are harming plant pest organisms may interfere with biological control agents, such as predators and parasitoids. Despite the vast fundamental knowledge on plant defence mechanisms and their effects on natural enemies, our understanding of the feasibility of combining biological control with induced plant defence in practice is relatively poor. In this review, we focus on arthropod pest control and present the most important features of biological control with natural enemies and of induced plant defence. Furthermore, we show potential synergies and conflicts among them and, finally, identify gaps and list opportunities for their combined use in crop protection. We suggest that breeders should focus on inducible resistance traits that are compatible with the natural enemies of arthropod pests, specifically traits that help communities of natural enemies to build up. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

影响水稻种绳直播机覆土厚度的主要因素研究

覆土厚度是水稻种绳直播机工作质量的主要评价指标之一。为提高种绳直播机的性能,通过正交试验研究影响覆土厚度的主要因素。经试验分析,得出开沟深度的调节值和机体作业速度为主要影响因素。     

Viscera of Labeo rohita: A Potential Source of Trypsin for Industrial Application

ABSTRACT

The serine protease trypsin was isolated and purified from the digestive system of carp Labeo rohita rohu by ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange, and affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme showed high activity between pH 7.0 and 9.0. The activity was maximum at 40°C. Incubation of the purified enzyme with CaCl₂ (2 mM) stabilized the enzyme activity for 8 h. The enzyme showed stability at 30 and 40°C for 1 h, but above 40°C, enzyme activity was reduced. The kinetic constants were recorded as K_m (0.104 mM), k_cat (44.25 s^?1), and catalytic efficiency (427.54 s^?1 mM^?1). Monovalent, bivalent, and trivalent ions (Li⁺, K⁺, Hg²⁺, Al³⁺, Mg^2+, Cd^2+, Co^2+, Zn²⁺, and Al³⁺) influenced the enzyme activity. Phenylmethylsulfonylflouride, soybean trypsin inhibitor, and N-α-p-tosyl-_L-lysine chloromethyl ketone completely inhibited the enzyme activity, while ethylenediaminetetraacetate caused partial inhibition. Molecular mass of the purified enzyme was 22.46 kDa. The pH and temperature stability of enzyme may be useful for its industrial applications.     

Pathogenicity of halophilic Vibrio harveyi in giant freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii De Man)

In this study, the phenotypic and pathogenic properties in freshwater host were characterized in 14 strains of halophilic Vibrio harveyi isolated from infected marine black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. The lysogenic phenotype was assayed via prophage excision and mitomycin C induction. The bacteria were grouped into two types, corresponding to lysogenic and non‐lysogenic strains. The pathogenicity was determined via direct injection of bacterial cultures into post‐larval juvenile giant freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii De Man. All of the infected prawns showed similar symptoms and inflamed hepatopancreas. The V. harveyi isolates derived from the first‐injected infected prawns were re‐isolated and re‐injected into healthy giant freshwater prawns, in which they retained similar infectivity. Both lysogenic and non‐lysogenic Vibrio spp. showed identical virulence associated with 100% mortality within one day post‐injection. TEM micrographs showed hepatopancreatic nuclear deformation and lipid breakdown caused by lysogenic γ‐hemolytic VL19 and non‐lysogenic β‐hemolytic V33. However, the V33 strain was associated with severely disrupted mitochondria. None of the V. harveyi strains was able to produce a biofilm. Together, our findings indicate that the lysogenic and non‐lysogenic halophilic V. harveyi isolated from marine shrimps may use different virulence factors that are responsible for their pathogenicity in freshwater prawns.     

利用EPG技术分析西花蓟马在4种寄主植物上的取食行为

采用直流刺吸电位仪EPG(direct current electrical penetration graph, EPG)技术分析西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis雌雄虫在4种寄主植物上的取食行为,探讨西花蓟马雌雄虫取食行为差异及与寄主适合性的相关性。结果表明: (1)西花蓟马在辣椒上的非取食刺探次数显著少于其他寄主植物。雌虫在辣椒、番茄、曼陀罗和矮牵牛上的非取食刺探分别为2311,3289,3610和3044次,雄虫在辣椒、番茄、曼陀罗和矮牵牛上的非取食刺探分别为1527,2772,2214和1968次。西花蓟马在矮牵牛上的短取食刺探显著高于番茄,雌虫在番茄和矮牵牛上的短取食分别为688和1444次,雄虫在番茄和矮牵牛上的短取食分别为159和809次。西花蓟马在矮牵牛上的长取食刺探次数少于在其他寄主植物。(2)雌虫比雄虫产生更多的非取食刺探和短取食刺探,雄虫的长取食刺探显著高于雌虫。在矮牵牛上,雌虫的非取食刺探次数和非取食刺探总时间为雄虫的15倍。在番茄上,雌虫的短取食次数和短取食总时间分别为雄虫的4倍和2倍;雄虫的长取食次数和长取食总时间分别为雌虫的2倍和7倍。由此可见,西花蓟马的取食行为与寄主适宜性之间无显著的相关性。     

烟田油菜免耕直播不同密度研究

为探讨烟田油菜免耕适宜密度,以行距为固定的烟垄行、穴距为33.33 cm,穴定植留苗2株、3株、4株、5株4种不同定植密度,进行了烟田油菜免耕直播试验研究.结果表明,烟田油菜免耕直播最佳密度,在现有施肥水平和管理条件下,以穴定植3株,定植密度6000株/667m2最佳.     

健康草鱼肠道气单胞菌季节变化及胞外酶调查

暴发性鱼病流行季节及非发病季节的健康草鱼肠道气单胞菌的分布调查表明,两季中气单胞菌占总菌数的比例变化不大,只是冬季前肠道的气单胞菌比例明显增高,应视为草鱼肠道的正常寄生菌落。部分胞外酶中发现了较多产木聚糖酶的气单胞菌。     

不同生态区播期对直播稻生育期及温光利用的影响

【目的】探讨不同生态区直播条件下播期对不同类型水稻品种生育期及温光利用的影响,为品种及其适宜播期的科学区划布局提供初步理论依据。【方法】苏南太湖稻区常熟（N 31.4°）以迟熟中粳、早熟晚粳和中熟晚粳为材料,苏中里下河稻区姜堰（N 32.3°）以中熟中粳、迟熟中粳和早熟晚粳为材料,苏北淮北稻区东海（N 34.5°）以早熟中粳、中熟中粳和迟熟中粳为材料,通过分期播种试验,比较研究不同播期对直播稻生育期及温光利用的影响。【结果】随着播期的推迟,各类型品种的拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期相应推迟,生育期明显缩短,总体表现为播期每推迟1 d,生育期缩短0.6 d左右。同一品种类型,随纬度的升高,拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期逐渐延迟,生育期依次变长。同一试验点,随播期的推迟一般晚粳品种较中粳品种生育期天数缩短略多。生育期随播期推迟而缩短主要表现在营养生长期和营养生长与生殖生长并进期,变化范围为2-24 d,生殖生长阶段则相对稳定,变化范围仅为-2-1 d。各类型品种生育期积温和光照时数均表现出随播期的推迟呈显著或极显著的减少趋势,其差异主要源于抽穗前积温与光照时数的不同,其中尤以拔节前的差异最为明显,达到显著或极显著水平。同一试验点,各类型品种间生育期的积温与光照时数均表现为晚粳品种大于中粳品种;同一类型品种,随试验点纬度升高,积温呈依次减少的趋势,光照时数除杂交品种以外均呈依次增加的趋势。随播期的推迟,各类型品种的温光利用率均呈显著或极显著的下降趋势。播种至抽穗阶段和生育期的天数随积温的升高而线性增加,随日照时数的增加而线性减小;抽穗至成熟阶段的天数随积温的升高或日照时数的增加不同处理间表现不尽一致。【结论】播期对直播稻生育期及温光的利用有较大的影响。据此,对不同类型水稻品种直播适宜布局范围进行了初步区划,并综合分析后给出其能够安全成熟的可能播期,为大面积生产提供参考。